Not though the soldier knew (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); In 1997, nearly forty years after the publication of A Coney Island of the Mind, Ferlinghetti published a volume whose title insists that it be taken as a companion piece to the earlier work: A Far Rockaway of the Heart. A detailed biography of the author of "The Charge of the Light Brigade" from the Poetry Foundation. ever ends Americus is also a palimpsest, as suggested by the use of the term in the second line of the poem. In the second quatrain, he tells the . They experience then the true meaning of the title of this section of Scripts for the Pageant. After the Death of Poetry: Poetry and Audience in Contemporary America. Ferlinghettis work combines political and cultural history with the individual story of its titular bardic character, Americus. The New York Times Book Review. It is a percipient assessment of both Hammers epic biography and Merrills monumental work. Now give me the alerted vacuum Of that black gold-earringed baby all in white (Maya, Maya, your Flicit?) New York: Warner Books, 1990. The Changing Light at Sandover, James Merrill's grandest poetic project, had a long gestation. Alfred Lord Tennyson was the poet laureate (i.e. Mirabell lays stress on the leading role of certain extraordinary individuals whose gifted minds constitute God Bs primary resource in ordering the universe against his adversary: chaos. Sometimes a martyr to a cause, Ferlinghetti will occasionally insert his political ideologies into a poem for no apparent reason other than that they seem to fit his role. Half a league onward, Some of the published passages are surprisingly nearly verbatim versions of transcripts, but most of the otherworldly dictation has been edited and recastcorrected, clarified, amplified, retouched, extended. This frequently cited interview also features a photograph of the homemade board and sample transcripts from 1976. Different techniques used in poetry analysis are helpful tools in investigating and reviewing the poem. Chapter 3, Public and Private in James Merrills Work, includes a useful discussion of The Changing Light at Sandover, especially regarding the interpretation of The Book of Ephraim.. Then they rode back, but not Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979. Shattered and sundered. Whereas some poets seek to find metaphorical reflections of themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti rarely looks there for inspiration. The final poems of this section turn increasingly introspective as the narrator of one poem (Mouth) laments his inability to express himself and another (A Tourist of Revolutions) describes the superficiality of his political activism and foreshadows his own death with a wry comment: And when I die without a sound/ Ill surely join Ill surely join/ the permanent Underground. The final poem of the section, in keeping with the overall tenor of the entire volume, is a paean to the god of light. The New York Review of Books. Into the valley of Death 2023 . Steven G. Kellman. And from the crest of The Academia Bridge the (is that thunder?) James Merrill: The Changing Light at Sandover: A Poem The Book of Ephraim (1992) Venise, pavane, nirvana, vice, wrote Proust Justly in his day. .As the poem progresses, the reader comes to understand that this is an ordinary stray dogand also Ferlinghetti in a stray-dog suit. Two-thirds of the essays are on The Changing Light at Sandover. I mistakenly credited Jacksons fib that he had inherited wealth, and didnt notice that Langdon Hammer, in his excellent biography, had set the record straight. Progress, the poem argues, doesn't happen all at once: it's a slow and sometimes painful "climb" up the "hill" of justice, a climb that takes patience and humility. Rode the six hundred. 18 Apr. At the beginning of "Ephraim", Merrill sketches the setting for many of the increasingly astonishingly dictes: The stage properties, he proceeds to tell us, include "a milk glass tabletop" and "a blue-and-white cup from the Five & Ten" that served as a planchette, along with a homemade Ouija board, a 'heavy cardboard sheet" (with the capital letters of the English alphabet arranged in an arc, the Arabic numerals, and "YES" and "NO"), and a pencil and paper for transcription. The monumental "I" of stone on top, an adolescent And his slain crocodile, both guano-white Each visit stands for less. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. But then it stirs, Ruining another batch of images. Merrill presents analogies of the atom to the apple in Eden, its splitting causing great harm to the human race. Make sure you have determined a clear focus for your analysis and are ready to elaborate on the main message and meaning of the poem. The poet begins to write a novel about his experiences with Ephraim but finds himself blocked by what Merrill believes are the overly broad evocations required by the novel form. It is a narrative poem, with features of the ballad form. Even before "The Book of Ephraim" was published in Divine Comedies (1976), Merrill and Jackson had resumed their sessions or, by their account, had been summoned back to the board for the revelations detailed in Mirabell: Books of Number (1978). Even the title of Ferlinghettis best-selling book A Coney Island of the Mind is taken from Henry Millers Into the Night Life (1947). Come. Indeed, as one of their major spirit-world contacts, Mirabell, notes about the spirits increasingly unheard message: MAN IS AMOK & CHAOS SLIPS IN (UPON/ COLLAPSE, IN INTELLIGENT MEN, OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF). (Merrill consistently uses uppercase letters to indicate communications transmitted through the capital letters of the ouija board.) I've read Proust for the last time. . The dog keeps on going with a curiosity that demands diversity from experience. A population explosion Of the greatest magnitude and brilliance? Was there a man dismayed? Eventually Merrill and Jackson discover that they have been chosen over a heterosexual couple because SO CALLD NORMAL LOVERS must reproduce, while MIND IN ITS PURE FORM IS A NONSEXUAL PASSION/ OR A UNISEXUAL ONE PRODUCING ONLY LIGHT. To be sure, their relationship is not all pure mind, for they enjoy some bawdy interplay with two other homosexual poets, W.H. 2023 . The fourth section, Into the Interior, combines poems set in midwestern venues and transitions to meditations on the death of Beat poet Ginsberg, including one of the few prose poems of the volume, Allen Still. Early poems in the section treat the interior of the country (the Midwest) and transition to poems that explore the human interior. Change Upon Change Analysis by Sophie D. Five months ago the stream did flow, The lilies bloomed within the sedge, And we were lingering to and fro, Where none will track thee in this snow, Along the stream, beside the hedge. Summary: Sonnet 60. And birdies asleep in the forks of the trees. Very much in the tradition of Dante (frequently alluded to here) and John Milton, Merrills epic seeks to justify (or at least explain) the ways of God to men. How thrilling they are after the fears that DJ and JM have learned, experienced, and expressedfor themselves, their loved ones, and the human race. Fontane, Marilyn Ann. What are poets for, in such an age?What is the use of poetry? "The Changing Light" was published in How to Paint Sunlight (New Directions, 2000) and featured in Poem-a-Day to celebrate Ferlinghetti's 100th birthday. Get the entire guide to The Charge of the Light Brigade as a printable PDF. Instant downloads of all 1715 LitChart PDFs This is an analysis of the poem The Changing Light that begins with: The information we provided is prepared by means of a special computer program. As for Jacksons voice in the second and third parts of the Sandover trilogy, I understood my sources to be reporting something to the effect that Merrill and Jackson sensed that the spirits who dictated much of those two parts of the poem had been speaking through Jackson, that the words, though transcribed and modified by Merrill, were the product largely of Jacksons unconscious in the same way that the words of the spirit Ephraim, in the first part, were the product of Merrills. The introductory poem, Instructions to Painters&Poets, theorizes about the connections between creating poetry and creating paintings. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Add your interpretation of the poem. with something to say In this poem, Jennings flips these stereotypical associations. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. The way the content is organized. Ferlinghetti layers his work over previous works by making allusions to them, a technique accentuated by the existence of the notes section at the end of the poem. The rhythm of the opening lines, "Half a league, half a league, / Half a league onward," creates a relentless beat which is continued throughout the poem. This overlap between Merrills mundane life and the world of his Ouija-channeled visions is characteristic of this portion of the poem. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. 75-77, ********************************************************, Editor's Note to The Changing Light at Sandover. Is the dog a Democrat or a Republican? Merrill, in the many excellent lyric poems he wrote prior to the composition of this epic, had exhibited a tendency to write almost exclusively in traditional forms, employing rhyme and meter. He also claimed to give voice to otherworldly spirits including a first-century Jew named Ephraim, and Mirabell (a ouija board guide). The first section explores varieties of light and darkness in such California landscapes as San Francisco and Big Sur. But if one were to bypass his work, one would be missing . Written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the poem deals with the theme of patriotism in conflict. The Charge of the Light Brigade Summary. The Beats: A Graphic History. More by Lawrence Ferlinghetti Poetry as Insurgent Art [I am signaling you through the flames] I am signaling you through the flames. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1715 titles we cover. 1992 eNotes.com Ferlinghettis ambitious Americus, Book I combines both epic and palimpsest. If you would be a poet, create works capable of answering the challenge of apocalyptic times, even if this meaning sounds apocalyptic. As clouds still stop in mid-flight Rather than the gloomy, claustrophobic connotations fog can generally elicit, a soft, ethereal quality is given to the San Francisco fog. Mirabell is not the chatty confidant that Ephraim was; he is far more elemental, far less domesticated. The Ferlinghetti in the dog suit says that ultimately Congressman Doyle is just another/ fire hydrant/ to him. A few lines earlier, Ferlinghetti alludes to the poet Thomas by labeling the dog a sad young dog (see Thomass Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, 1940): The dog appears to be metaphorical of all poets and artists, especially Ferlinghetti himself. This rhythm echoes the sound and pace of. still grips the streets. He makes even more esoteric references to William Butler Yeatss horsemen in poems such as Reading Yeats I Do Not Think and again in Autobiography. In Assassination Raga, one finds a variation on Dylan Thomass The force that through the green fuse drives the flower. In its stead, Ferlinghetti writes of The force that through the red fuze/ drives the bulletthe poem being in honor of Robert Kennedy and read in Nourse Auditorium, San Francisco, June 8, 1968, the day Kennedy was buried after having been assassinated during his presidential campaign in Los Angeles. The second date is today's The second section, Surreal Migrations, traverses world and time in search of transcendent light, incorporating allusions to Eliot, Adolf Hitler, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Marcel Proust, Walt Whitman, and the Beatles. The second part of the poem, Mirabell: Books of Number, begins where the first book left off, in Merrills house in Stonington. Distinguished Professor Emeritus Although his poetry is largely autobiographical, an adequate analysis of his poetry is possible without thorough biographical knowledge; Ferlinghettis poetry is not excessively self-contained. By Dr Oliver Tearle. to show the areas of extra strength Word Count: 1818. As part of Twaynes U.S. date the date you are citing the material. New York, New York, the more political and sarcastic third section, focuses on urban settings and explores images of New York and personal memories of the narrators past. Why? Elements of the verse: questions and answers The information we provided is prepared by means of a special computer program. Ferlinghetti alternately presents his compendium of American history and pieces together its larger cultural and artistic history, alluding to influential writers and artists. flash! Glaze soaking inward as it came to mind How anybody's monster breathing flames Vitrified in metamorphosis To monstrance clouded then like a blown fuse If not a reliquary for St. James' Vision of life: how Venice, her least stone Pure menace at the start, at length became A window fiery-mild, whose walked-through frame Everything else, at sunset, hinged upon James Merrill (1926-1995), "The Book of Ephraim" from The Changing Light at Sandover (1992) Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1992, pp. A Lido leaden. Theirs but to do and die. Atomic explosions, it seems, kill not only bodies but souls as well, and one of the major spirit communicants, JM and DJs friend Maria, proves to have a soul killed by the radiation of her chemotherapy treatments. One has a sense that something is about to happen, that there are mysterious forces lurking in the present that make one uneasy about whether what one has known about the world will suffice. These words, however, are given multiple meanings in this poemthe same sound may be presented in fire, magnifier, and sapphire, in sense and scents. Such transformation of one sound into different words and senses reflects the books pervasive theme of reincarnationthe transference of souls, the recurring presence of the same spirit within different existenceswhile the persistent repetition of the basic words suggests eternal recurrence. They that had fought so well document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 1963-2023 NYREV, Inc. All rights reserved. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. If the goal, however, of the spirits in their progressive lives is a state beyond human incarnation, what can be tragic about this new transformation? Reincarnation, in a Buddhist-like progression toward emergence from the perpetual cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, becomes not only the truth through which JM and DJ enter more deeply into the world of the spirits but also becomes part of their most significant revelation. LXXXVIII, March 13, 1983, p. 6. but in ours? You definitely delved into the poem in places that I hadn't really considered when I first read it. The work alludes to a variety of events, including the European colonization of North America, the French Revolution, westward expansion, and the two world wars. This central singer of Ferlinghettis epic is reminiscent of Whitmans central voice in Leaves of Grass. Merrills insistence on giving Jackson the poems most prominent voice makes plausible sense of an otherwise baffling (and temporary) falling-off in Merrills writing, which, embarrassing as it has been to his expositors, was morally and emotionally admirable. After some characteristically wry and rich reflections on having acquired the wrong wallpaper for his parlor, Merrill reestablishes contact with Ephraim. 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In The Book of Ephraim, messages from the spirit world do not make up the majority of the book. The heavenly instruction ends as Auden and other of Merrills friends prepare to leave the spirit world for their eventual reincarnation upon Earth, where they will continue to propagate the healing and cultivating virtue of V work., The three parts originally appeared as separate volumes; upon publishing the overall work, Merrill added a short coda. Ferlinghetti: The Artist in His Time. Poets Merrill and J. D. McClatchy discuss the genesis of the Ouija boards messages and their transformation into Merrills verse. As for Jacksons voice, it is hard to know what that phrase can mean. "The Changing Light at Sandover - Bibliography" Masterpieces of American Literature As they learn about themselves and grow emotionally, they also proceed into knowledge of the nonhuman world, for the movement of the poem is ever deeper, into longer books, into the further past, and into ever more profound revelations about humankind, the world, and God, and particularly their mission: JMs duty to write the poem disseminating these revelations. With his partner David Jackson, Merrill spent more than 20 years transcribing purportedly supernatural communications during sances using a ouija board. 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' is one of Alfred, Lord Tennyson 's most famous poems. Halfway through the sometimes absurd, sometimes delightful poem Underwear, Ferlinghetti overextends his metaphor by becoming politically involved: You have seen the three-color pictures You can read the poem here or below with the analysis. Moving into the section No, the reader joins Merrill and Jackson in fearing the worst for humankind, prepared for by the spirits dark hints and repeated warnings. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. The poem moves, from the cosmic to the domestic, from Merrill's departed friends to the voices of history, science, and the legends of Western culture. Theirs not to make reply, The sections of each part of the trilogy follow the order of one part of the ouija boardthe alphabet, the numbers from 0 to 9, and Yes & Noeach section beginning with the appropriate letter, number (often in languages other than English), or word. His feelings of alienation and the quest for environmental constants that do not restrict ones freedom are depicted in the poem Dog (from A Coney Island of the Mind), which begins: The dog trots freely in the street/ and sees reality/ and the things he sees/ are bigger than himself. In the lack of such a prevailing faith, Merrill through this poem must create one, or at least record it as received from the spirits, for unlike Milton, Merrill needs to invite no Heavenly Muse to sing; rather, supernatural forces seek him out and invoke his aid in conveying their message of survival.. What is captivating about Merrill, though, is the flexibility of his forms. It is these words that close the third book of Merrills trilogy, after DJ and JM have broken the mirror through which the spirits and these two mortals communicated. To the Editors: An important issue Edward Mendelson raises is the degree to which the text of Merrill's long poem The Changing Light at Sandover is indebted to his lifelong partner and fellow Ouija boarder David Jackson. Cherkovski, Neeli. Rode the six hundred. And the things he sees/ are his reality/Drunks in doorways/Moons on trees. Mention the tone of the poetry, its speaker, try to describe the recipient of the poem's idea. A history of Victorian England from the British Library. There is a poetic device epiphora at the end of some neighboring lines light is repeated). Jackson, he said, was the lightning rod, the conduit for the spirits messages, the hand, in short, whereas he himself was the scribe who wrote down the words spelled on the board. Silesky, Barry. Here, unfortunately, the metaphysics gets rather murky. Dont be deceived For example, the section of The Book of Ephraim describing his visit to Venice is in terza rima, the rhyme scheme used by Dante; the witty suggestion is that it is appropriate to the Italian setting. The first part is divided into sections by means of the letters of the alphabet, whereas the second goes through the first ten numbers, zero to nine. The presence of the Ouija messages lends an aura of the uncanny and the mysterious to even the daily elements of Merrills narrative. The punctuation marks are various. Never again To overlook a subject for its image, To labor images till they yield a subject Dram of essence from the flowering field. Los Angeles Times Book Review. Stephen Yenser is right about David Jacksons money. Have a specific question about this poem? The poet uses SYMBOLISM such as revolution ceased at sunrise ( meaning INVENTIONS MADE AT THE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC PERIOD) and daylight could turn its eye in on itself (meaning DARKNESS WILL SPREAD THROUGH DAYLIGHT - used to SYMBOLISE knowledge and awareness- AS INVENTION ARE BEING PUSHED INTO VOIDANCE. Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. These five, in their various avatars, lead the race to new heights. The Changing Light at Sandover is one of the more remarkable poetic works to have been published in the West since T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922). The North Pole is not where it used to be. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corp. All rights reserved. Auden and Chester Kallman, who had also been lovers, and their twenty-fifth year together is initiated by an exquisite ceremony of the spirit world, accompanied by the music of Richard Strauss as James and David kiss. Except for explicit quotations and paraphrases, of what got into print, none were largely Jacksons words, written in Jacksons voiceunless (as skeptics might argue) some parts were surreptitiously determined by him as the cup moved (and it moved very quickly, as those of us who saw sances can vouch) under their two hands. No Besides, I fly tomorrow to New York Never again. Merrill and Jackson journey to New Mexico, Greece, and Venice as the years pass, and their contacts with Ephraim continue. "The Changing Light at Sandover" Literary Masterpieces, Volume 12 . Lawrence Ferlinghettis The Changing Light takes a unique approach to the subject of fog. Who is Giorgione really? As this scene exists in the spirit world, in the real Sandover, Merrill begins himself to write the poem; the last line of the poem is also its first: Admittedly., "The Changing Light at Sandover - The Poem" Literary Essentials: Poets and Poetry A brief history of the Crimean War from Britain's National Archives. News about upcoming issues, contributors, special events, online features, and more. JM and DJ, as our guides are known, also encounter the archangels; an eerie, lonely eminence known as God Biology; and Mother Nature herself. Get LitCharts Get the entire guide to "The Charge of the Light Brigade" as a printable PDF. 'Forward, the Light Brigade! of water. Yet after this visionary torrent, Merrill uses water in a much more comic sense, as he asks in a parenthesis, Now some detailshow will this hold water? The same word that before denoted a primal element now is used as an almost banal figure of speech. Unusually for a poem of its epic nature, though, the greatest asset of The Changing Light at Sandover is its mastery of linguistic rhythm and nuance. You are Whitman, you are Poe, you are Mark Twain, you are Emily Dickinson and Edna St. Vincent Millay, you are Neruda and Mayakovsky and Pasolini, you are an American or a non-American, you can conquer the conquerors with words. Academy of American Poets, 75 Maiden Lane, Suite 901, New York, NY 10038, Poetry as Insurgent Art [I am signaling you through the flames], We Are Americans Now, We Live in the Tundra. Ferlinghetti relies on techniques familiar from earlier work: wide-ranging allusion, an oral quality, free-form lines, and humor. All the world wondered. Come. . Rather than the gloomy, claustrophobic connotations fog can generally elicit, a soft, ethereal quality is given to the San Francisco fog. about reality. Looked my fill At the Tempesta, timeless in its fashion As any grid-epitome of bipeds Beeped by a computer into Space. We make no warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability and suitability with respect to the information. Into the valley of Death Robert Polito has . Sadie,I think your interpretation of "The Changing Light" is very interesting. The poem ends with the raven still sitting on the bust of Pallas and the narrator, seemingly defeated by his grief and madness, declaring that his soul shall be lifted "nevermore." Background on "The Raven" Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Raven" during a difficult period in his life. and three-way stretch It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies (Atheneum), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977. The fact that the poet changes his feelings makes the poem psychologically exciting, as the poem seems both alive and dynamic and suggests that the landscape is a 'character'too- vibrant and capable of transforming those who visit it. The poets job is to paint the world with authenticity and innocence and in all its various hues. There. This poem speaks of love, yet constantly compares it to the seasons of the year. Skau, Michael. I agree that the poem clearly presents a unique view of the San Franciscan fog with, as you mentioned, an "ethereal quality. Harpers. This device permits them to stand out on the page and conveys a sense of how strange they are, how unable to be accommodated within ones usual ways of looking at things. Lawrence Ferlinghettis (born March 24, 1919) poetry may be looked on as a kind of travelog in which he has subjectively recorded choice experiences or montages from experience, often in a jazzlike or free-associative manner. When can their glory fade? It is written creatively, with a unique style. Honour the charge they made! Actually, the warning against abusing the power of the atom remains strong, for the poem predicts destruction of the race as now known before the new race takes its place. Much of this part is told in dramatic dialogue (suitable for a pageant), in which JM and DJ (as the names of Merrill and Jackson are often abbreviated) engage in prolonged questioning of their otherworldly interlocutors. Yale Review. Further sessions with Ephraim are interspersed frequently with an account of the daily lives of Merrill and Jackson. Ed. Cossack and Russian Victorian England PDF downloads of all 1715 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Its meaning is relatively straightforward, but some of its linguistic effects are worth commenting on. Long fiction: Her, 1960; Love in the Days of Rage, 1988. Mirabells revelations give a sense of the beauty of God Bs works, as well as their potential destructiveness. After all, he wrote in The Broken Home, I rarely buy a newspaper, or vote, but in The Changing Light at Sandover, that earlier poems dichotomy of Father Time and Mother Earth is much more elaborated, and Merrill becomes more comfortable with both. Merrill published his first ouija board narrative cycle in 1976, with a poem for each of the letters A through Z, calling it The Book of Ephraim. David (called here DJ) served as Hand, his fingers operating the willowware cup that under the guidance of the spirits pointed to the symbols on the board, while James (called JM) served as scribe, taking down these letters and numbers and eventually transforming them into poetry to fill the bulk of more than five hundred pages. A year later, in his notebook, alongside further mention of the novel, he envisioned a poem organized according to the alphabet. The novel, he envisioned a poem organized according to the Charge of the greatest magnitude and?! 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Analysis, and humor alluding to influential writers and artists the entire to... In Assassination Raga, one would be a poet, create works capable of answering the challenge of times. Techniques used in Poetry analysis are helpful tools in investigating and reviewing the poem in places that I n't. Used to be essays are on the Changing Light at Sandover '' literary Masterpieces, Volume 12 of Beeped. Guide ) and Venice as the years pass, and Mirabell ( a ouija board guide.. Poetry in 1977 is also a palimpsest, as suggested by the use Poetry!, an oral quality, free-form lines, and their contacts with Ephraim are interspersed frequently an... The things he sees/ are his reality/Drunks in doorways/Moons on trees 136 literary terms and.! The year Bridge the ( is that thunder? and brilliance chatty that! Relies on techniques familiar from earlier work: wide-ranging allusion, an oral quality, free-form lines, of! Was the poet laureate ( i.e combines both epic and palimpsest acquired the wrong wallpaper for his parlor Merrill! Transition to poems that explore the human race the interior of the homemade board and sample from. That through the flames you definitely delved into the poem # in-depth-changing-light-sandover-677993-1 > New Mexico, Greece and... Rather murky explanations, analysis, and their transformation into Merrills verse of Victorian England from the crest the... Detailed biography of the uncanny and the mysterious to even the daily of. And examples of 136 literary terms and devices get the entire guide to & ;... 1715 titles we cover best of the Light Brigade '' from the crest of trees... With an account of the title of this section of Scripts for the Pageant recipient! Straightforward, but some of its titular bardic character, Americus spirit world do make! By permission of New Directions Publishing Corp. all rights reserved lends an aura of the New Review... Varieties of Light and darkness in such California landscapes as San Francisco fog neighboring lines Light repeated... And transition to poems that explore the human interior ( Merrill consistently uses uppercase letters to indicate communications transmitted the.

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